Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. It affects people of all ages and can lead to serious complications if not managed properly. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatments of GERD is essential for maintaining good digestive health.

What is GERD?

GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle that acts as a valve between the stomach and esophagus, weakens or relaxes abnormally. This allows stomach acid and partially digested food to flow back into the esophagus, causing inflammation and symptoms such as heartburn.

Common Symptoms of GERD

Recognizing GERD early can prevent complications. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent heartburn or a burning sensation in the chest
• Regurgitation of food or sour liquid into the mouth
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Chest pain, especially at night or after meals
• Chronic cough, sore throat, or hoarseness
• Feeling of a lump in the throat

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors can contribute to GERD, including:

• Weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
• Obesity or excess weight
• Hiatal hernia
• Pregnancy
• Smoking and alcohol consumption
• Certain medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs or sedatives
• Dietary habits, such as high-fat meals, caffeine, or spicy foods

Complications of Untreated GERD

If left unmanaged, GERD can lead to:

• Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
• Esophageal ulcers or bleeding
• Strictures (narrowing of the esophagus)
• Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition
• Chronic respiratory issues due to acid aspiration

Treatment Options for GERD

1. Lifestyle Modifications

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Eat smaller, frequent meals and avoid late-night eating
• Avoid trigger foods such as spicy, fatty, or acidic foods
• Elevate the head of the bed to reduce nighttime reflux
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption

2. Medications

• Antacids to neutralize stomach acid
• H2 receptor blockers to reduce acid production
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for long-term acid control
• Prokinetic agents to improve stomach emptying

3. Surgical Interventions

For patients with severe GERD or complications, surgery may be recommended. Procedures such as Nissen fundoplication strengthen the LES to prevent acid reflux. Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery is commonly performed for faster recovery.

When to Consult a Gastroenterologist

If you experience frequent heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, or chest pain, consult a gastroenterology specialist promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Conclusion

GERD is a common but manageable digestive disorder. With proper lifestyle changes, medication, and advanced treatments provided by expert gastroenterologists at Sri Banashankari Hospital, Bangalore, patients can effectively control symptoms and maintain long-term digestive health.